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cmake: Set top-level target output locations

Placeholder Hennadii Stepanov requested to merge github/fork/hebasto/241026-top into master

This PR sets the target output locations to the bin and lib subdirectories within the build tree, creating a directory structure that mirrors that of the installed targets.

This approach is widely adopted by the large projects, such as LLVM:

set(CMAKE_RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/bin)
set(CMAKE_LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/lib${LLVM_LIBDIR_SUFFIX})
set(CMAKE_ARCHIVE_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/lib${LLVM_LIBDIR_SUFFIX})

The libsecp256k1 project has also recently adopted this approach.

With this PR, all binaries are conveniently located. For example, run:

$ ./build/bin/fuzz

instead of:

$ ./build/src/test/fuzz/fuzz

On Windows, all required DLLs are now located in the same directory as the executables, allowing to run bitcoin-chainstate.exe (which loads bitcoinkernel.dll) without the need to copy DLLs or modify the PATH variable.

The idea was briefly discussed among the build team during the recent CoreDev meeting.

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