build: align debugging flags to `-O0`
A depends build with DEBUG=1 and using cmake -B build -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug do not align, which is inconsistent/confusing. The depends build will use -O1, while CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug will set -O0.
I'm not completely sure yet what the right choice is (previously it seems that -Og was unusable with Clang? (note that for Clang it looks like -Og and -O1 are basically equivalent), but we should at least align the two systems to be using the same thing for debugging.
Configure history:
-O0 added in https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/3833
Switched to -Og in https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/13005.
Switched back to -O0 https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/16435
Depends DEBUG=1 mode has used -O1 since inception.